Research Design and Causation MCQs
Research Design and Causation MCQs
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1: A criterion for establishing a nomothetic causal relationship between two variables: Variation in one variable is related to variation in another ______ is called Association.
A. Constant
B. Variable
C. Point
D. Values
2: When a series of concrete events, thoughts, or actions results in a particular event or individual outcome is called
A. Formal Effect
B. Casual Effect
C. Non-Effective
D. None of these
3: When variation in one phenomenon, an independent variable, leads to or results, on average, in variation in another phenomenon, the dependent variable is called
A. Formal Effect
B. Casual Effect
C. Non-Effective
D. None of these
4: Ceteris paribus is a _____ phrase meaning “other things being equal.”
A. Greek
B. Latin
C. Spanish
D. English
5: Individuals or groups with a common starting point. Examples include college class of 1997, people who graduated from high school in the 1980s, General Motors employees who started work between the years 1990 and 2000, and people who were born in the late 1940s or the 1950s is called
A. Context
B. Variables
C. Cohort
D. Data
6: A set of interrelated circumstances that alters a relationship between other variables or social processes is called
A. Context
B. Variables
C. Cohort
D. Data
7: ________ effect describes a variation in relationships of dependent with independent variables between geographic units or other social settings.
A. Contextual
B. Variables
C. Cohort
D. Data
8: Counterfactual describes the situation that would have occurred if the subjects who were exposed to the treatment were not exposed but otherwise had had identical experiences to those they underwent during the experiment.
A. True
B. False
9: A study in which data are collected at only ____ point in time is called Cross-sectional research design
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
10: An ______ in reasoning in which incorrect conclusions about individual level processes are drawn from group-level data is called ecological fallacy.
A. Correction
B. Error
C. Point
D. Values
11: The appearance of phenomena at a group level that cannot be explained by the properties of individuals within the group; emergence implies phenomena that are more than “the sum of their parts is called emergence.
A. True
B. False
12: A type of _________ study in which data are collected at two or more points in time from individuals in a cohort is called Event-based design.
A. Longitudinal
B. Extraneous
C. Columnar
D. None of above
13: ________ variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables, creating a spurious association between them that disappears when the extraneous variable is controlled.
A. Interval
B. Extraneous
C. Mediator
D. Mix
14: Fixed-sample panel design describes a type of ________ study in which data are collected from the same individuals—the panel— at two or more points in time. In another type of panel design, panel members who leave are replaced with new members.
A. Longitudinal
B. Extraneous
C. Columnar
D. None of above
15: Idiographic casual explanation that identifies the concrete, individual sequence of events, thoughts, or actions that resulted in a particular outcome for a particular individual or that led to a particular event; may be termed an individualist or historicist explanation.
A. True
B. False
16: A study in which data are collected that can be ordered in time; also defined as research in which data are collected at ____________ points in time is called Longitudinal research design
A. Two or more
B. One or more
C. Three or more
D. None of above
17: A discernible process that creates a causal connection between two variables is called
A. Mechanism
B. Mediator
C. Moderator
D. Mode
18: A variable involved in a causal mechanism (intervening variable) is called
A. Mechanism
B. Mediator
C. Moderator
D. Mode
19: A variable that identifies a context for the e5ffect of other variables is called
A. Mechanism
B. Mediator
C. Moderator
D. Mode
20: An explanation that identifies common influences on a number of cases or events is called Nomothetic ______ explanation.
A. Formal
B. Casual
C. Special
D. Specific
21: A criterion for establishing a causal relation between two variables; when a relationship between two variables is not caused by variation in a ______variable is called Nonspuriousness.
A. Second
B. Third
C. Fourth
D. Fifth
22: A procedure by which each experimental subject is placed in a group randomly is called
A. Random Assignment
B. Specific Assignment
C. Special Assignment
D. Alignment Assignment
23: The random assignment of cases, as by the toss of a coin is called
A. Selection
B. Randomization
C. Option
D. Socialization
24: Reductionist fallacy explains an _______ in reasoning that occurs when incorrect conclusions about group-level processes are based on individual-level data; also known as an individualist fallacy.
A. Correction
B. Error
C. Point
D. Values
25: A type of longitudinal study in which data are collected at two or more points in time from different samples of the same population is called Repeated cross-sectional design
A. True
B. False
26: A relationship between two variables that is caused by variation in a ________ variable is called Spurious relationship
A. First
B. Second
C. Third
D. Fourth
27: A method in which one variable is held constant so that the relationship between two (or more) other variables can be assessed without the influence of variation in the control variable is called
A. Constant Control
B. Variable Control
C. Statistical control
D. None of above
28: Problems caused by panel members growing weary of repeated interviews and dropping out of a study or becoming so used to answering the standard questions in the survey that they start giving stock or thoughtless answers is called subject fatigue
A. True
B. False
29: A_______ order describes the criterion for establishing a causal relation between two variables; the variation in the presumed cause (the independent variable) must occur before the variation in the presumed effect (the dependent variable).
A. Data
B. Time
C. Variables
D. Points
30: The level of ______ life on which a research question is focused, such as individuals, groups, towns, or nations is called units of analysis.
A. Cultural
B. Social
C. Physical
D. Mental
31: The cases about which measures actually are obtained in a ________ are called units of observation
A. Population
B. Sample
C. Values
D. Points
32: Longitudinal research collects data at one point in time.
A. True
B. False
33: In a panel study, data are collected from different samples drawn from the same population at more than one point in time.
A. True
B. False
34: A spurious relationship is one in which the association between two variables can be explained through intervening variables.
A. True
B. False
35: Idiographic causal explanations generally emphasize time order and causal mechanism.
A. True
B. False
36: A reductionist fallacy is an error in reasoning in which incorrect conclusions about individual-level process are drawn from group-level data.
A. True
B. False
37: Research that collects data at a single point in time is called?
A. Descriptive
B. Cross-sectional
C. Explanatory
D. Longitudinal
38: The goal of a repeated cross-sectional design is to ______.
A. Determine whether a population has changed over time
B. Determine whether individuals have changed over time
C. Determine whether a panel has changed over time
D. Determine whether a cohort has changed over time
39: When members of a panel grow weary of repeated interviews and start to give stock answers instead of accurate answers, which of the following has occurred?
A. The counterfactual
B. Spuriousness
C. Subject fatigue
D. The John Henry effect
40: Reductionism occurs when ______.
A. Individual-level data are used to draw conclusions about groups
B. Group-level data are used to draw conclusions about individuals
C. The unit of analysis does not match the unit of observation
D. An ecological fallacy has been determined
41: Researcher C conducted a survey of 100 students to find out if they intended to vote in the next election. The individual students in the study are ______.
A. The dependent variable
B. The causal mechanism
C. The counterfactual
D. The unit of analysis
42: Researcher J finds that neighborhoods with higher proportions of poor households have higher crime rates. J concludes that poor people are more likely to commit crimes. What methodological error has J committed?
A. Ecological fallacy
B. Time order violation
C. Spuriousness
D. Reductionist fallacy
43: If we want to determine if a sample has changed over time, which research design should we use?
A. Cross-sectional
B. Trend
C. Panel
D. Repeated cross-sectional
44: A national poll on the attitudes toward the right to abortion taken during the presidential election of 2004 and then again in 2008 is an example of ______.
A. A longitudinal research design
B. A repeated cross-sectional design
C. An observation
D. An event-based design
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Research Design and Causation MCQs
