Validity of Research MCQs
Validity of Research MCQs
Answer these 90 Validity of Research MCQs and see how sharp is your knowledge of Validity of Research.
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1: __ validity refers to the correctness of one’s conclusion about causation (e.g., whether changes in the IV cause changes in the DV), and ______ validity refers to the degree to which the study results generalize. (Select the letter with the correct answer pair.)
A. Internal; external
B. Interpretative; inferential
C. Inferential; interpretative
D. External; internal
2: Aging, fatigue, and learning are considered ______ threats to internal validity.
A. Sociopolitical
B. Maturation
C. Instrumentation
D. History
3: Janice is taking the ACT to meet an entrance requirement for a college. On her first attempt she scores way below average. She decides to take the test again to see whether she can improve her score. She then scored higher the second time she took the test. This example illustrates the possibility of ______ as a plausible rival hypothesis.
A. History
B. Instrumentation
C. Regression artifact
D. Differential selection
4: In an experiment on the effects of massed versus distributed practice on learning, introductory educational psychology students who volunteered for extra credit were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Both groups were to practice a perceptual-motor task 5 times for 10 min each. Group 1 did all five 10-min practice sessions in one evening while Group 2 was asked to do one 10-min practice session a night for five consecutive nights. All of the participants in Group 1 completed the experiment, but only 30% of the participants in Group 2 showed up for all five nights. This study is an example of confounding by ______.
A. Differential attrition
B. Attrition
C. History
D. Testing
5: The threats of differential selection, differential attrition, selection-history, and selection-maturation are problematic for which of the following design(s)?
A. The one-group pretest–posttest design
B. The two-group experimental design
C. Correlational design
D. Single-case research
6: Dr. Janice Doe was investigating the benefit of a parent training program on reducing the number of violent acts committed by teenage children and found that the training program reduced the frequency of violent acts emitted by the children of the parents who participated in the training program. This identified relationship is an example of ______.
A. Causal description
B. Causal explanation
C. Causal performance
D. Causal control
7: What type of validity in qualitative research focuses on accurately understanding and portraying participants’ worldviews and meanings?
A. Internal
B. External
C. Interpretative
D. Descriptive
8: Which of the following is NOT a strategy used to promote qualitative research validity?
A. Peer review
B. Multiple theoretical perspectives
C. Extended fieldwork
D. Manipulation
9: Which of the following is NOT one of the types of validity in mixed research?
A. Sample integration validity
B. Political validity
C. Multiple validities
D. Investigator validity
10: In mixed research, the degree to which quantitizing or qualitizing yields high-quality meta-inferences is known as ______.
A. Conversion validity
B. Sequential validity
C. Inside–outside validity
D. Sample integration validity
11: Any variable besides the independent variable that can influence how participants perform on the dependent variable is called an extraneous or confounding variable.
A. True
B. False
12: The basic (nondifferential) history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and regression artifacts threats are problematic for one-group pretest–posttest and two-group experimental designs.
A. True
B. False
13: When the results of a study can be generalized across different but related dependent variables, the study has treatment variation validity.
A. True
B. False
14: The use of multiple sources of data, multiple investigators, and multiple methods of data collection promotes research validity in qualitative studies.
A. True
B. False
15: When we say that an experiment is internally valid, we mean that we can confidently state that the observed changes in the dependent variable resulted from the manipulation of the independent variable(s) and nothing else.
A. True
B. False
16: When two or more basic threats to internal validity combine to produce a more _____ is called additive and interactive effects
A. Complex bias
B. Simple bias
C. Non complex bias
D. All of above
17: The inability to specify which variable is the cause and which is the effect is known as ambiguous temporal precedence
A. True
B. False
18: Loss of people who do not complete the _____ is called attrition
A. Results
B. Introduction
C. File
D. Experiment
19: Describing the consequences of manipulating an independent variable is called
A. Causal description
B. Non -Causal description
C. Variable description
D. Complex description
20: Explaining the mechanisms through which and the conditions under which a causal relationship holds is called
A. Causal explanation
B. Non -Causal explanation
C. Variable explanation
D. Complex explanation
21: _____ for showing causation in local events including complex causal sequences and processes is called causal process tracing is called causal process tracing
A. Qualitative approach
B. Quantitative approach
C. Non qualitative approach
D. None of above
22: The ability to infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables; it’s a synonym for internal validity is called
A. Causation validity
B. Descriptive validity
C. Construct validity
D. All of these
23: The degree to which a mixed researcher can make Gestalt switches between the lenses of a qualitative researcher and a quantitative researcher is commensurability approximation legitimation
A. True
B. False
24: An extraneous variable that was not controlled for and is the reason a particular “confounded” result is observed is confounding variable
A. True
B. False
25: Which validity is extent to which a higher-order construct is accurately operationalized and measured in a particular study?
A. Causation validity
B. Descriptive validity
C. Construct validity
D. All of these
26: The degree to which quantitizing or qualitizing yields high-quality meta-inferences is _____ legitimation
A. Construct
B. Conversion
C. Selection
D. All of these
27: A person whom you trust to be open, honest, and constructively critical of your work is _____ friend
A. Close
B. Critical
C. Positive
D. Negative
28: The factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher is called
A. Causation validity
B. Descriptive validity
C. Construct validity
D. All of these
29: A differential loss of participants from the various comparison groups that causes the groups to become nonequivalent, and obscures the treatment effect is called
A. Differential selection
B. Differential attrition
C. Differential value
D. All of these
30: Selecting participants who have different characteristics for the various treatment groups; it produces “nonequivalent groups” is called
A. Differential selection
B. Differential attrition
C. Differential value
D. All of these
31: The ability to generalize the study results across settings is called
A. Causation validity
B. Descriptive validity
C. Construct validity
D. Ecological validity
32: A measure of the strength or magnitude of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables is effect size indicator
A. True
B. False
33: The extent to which the researcher accurately understands, uses, and presents the participants’ subjective insider or “native” views is emic etic legitimation
A. True
B. False
34: Collecting data in the field over an extended period of time is _____ fieldwork
A. Extraneous
B. Extended
C. Ecological
D. All of these
35: The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variation is called _____ validity
A. Internal
B. External
C. Extraneous
D. All of these
36: A variable that may compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome is called
A. Internal
B. External
C. Extraneous
D. All of these
37: Applying a finding based on a research study sample (e.g., a sample average or correlation) to all subgroups in the target population is generalizing across sub populations
A. True
B. False
38: Applying a finding based on a research study sample (e.g., a sample average or correlation) to the target population is generalizing to a population
A. True
B. False
39: The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations is called
A. Causation validity
B. Descriptive validity
C. Construct validity
D. Generalizing validity
40: Any event, other than a planned treatment event, that occurs between the pretest and posttest measurement of the dependent variable and influences the post measurement of the dependent variable is called
A. Validity
B. History
C. Attrition
D. None of these
41: Local, singular, particularistic causes, including intentions, specific or local attitudes, conditions, contexts, and events is idiographic causation
A. True
B. False
42: A synonym for emic-etic legitimation is inside outside legitimation
A. True
B. False
43: Any change that occurs in the way the dependent variable is measured is known as
A. Legitimation
B. Instrumentation
C. Selection
D. All of these
44: The degree to which the researcher achieved integration of quantitative and qualitative data, analysis, and conclusions is called
A. Inside outside legitimation
B. Integrative legitimation
C. Emic etic legitimation
D. All of these
45: Which validity is to infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables?
A. Internal
B. External
C. Extraneous
D. All of these
46: Accurately portraying the participants’ perspectives and meanings, and providing the insider’s viewpoint is called
A. Interpretive validity
B. Internal validity
C. External validity
D. All of these
47: A description that is phrased very similarly to the participants’ accounts and the researchers’ field notes is low inference descriptors
A. True
B. False
48: Any physical or mental change that occurs over time that affects performance on the dependent variable is called
A. Validation
B. Maturation
C. Investigation
D. All of these
49: Discussion of the researcher’s conclusions with the study participants to determine their accuracy according to the members’ perspectives is _____ checking
A. Person
B. Individual
C. Member
D. People
50: An inference or conclusion that builds on or integrates quantitative and qualitative findings is _____ inference
A. Alpha
B. Beta
C. Meta
D. All of these
51: _____ group research design that includes more than one group of participants
A. Single
B. Multiple
C. Triple
D. Double
52: The use of multiple sources of data within a single research or data-collection method is called
A. Multiple data sources
B. Single data sources
C. Both of above
D. None of above
53: The use of multiple researchers and observers in collecting and interpreting the data is called
A. Multiple investigators
B. Single investigator
C. Multiple data sources
D. None of above
54: The use of multiple research and data collection methods is called
A. Single methods
B. Multiple methods
C. Complex methods
D. All of above
55: The degree to which a mixed researcher addresses the interests, values, and viewpoints of multiple stakeholders in the research process; it is a synonym for sociopolitical legitimation is called multiple stakeholder legitimation
A. True
B. False
56: The use of multiple theories, disciplines, and perspectives to interpret and explain the data is called multiple theoretical perspectives
A. True
B. False
57: The extent to which all of the pertinent validities (quantitative, qualitative, and mixed) are addressed and resolved successfully is called single validities legitimation
A. True
B. False
58: Generalizing on the basis of similarity by the reader of the _____ rather than by the original researcher is called naturalistic generalization
A. Research report
B. Scientific report
C. Both of above
D. None of these
59: Selecting cases that are expected to disconfirm the researcher’s expectations and generalizations is called
A. Negative case sampling
B. Positive case sampling
C. Simple case sampling
D. None of above
60: The standard view of causation in science; refers to causation among variables at a general level of analysis and understanding is called nomothetic causation
A. True
B. False
61: Measurement of the dependent variable at the pretest, followed by administration of the experimental treatment, followed by posttest measurement using the same measure of the dependent variable Is called one group pretest -posttest design
A. One group pretest posttest design
B. Two group pretest posttest design
C. Multiple group pretest posttest design
D. Triple pretest posttest design
62: Identifying a specific instrument to empirically measure the construct is called operationalizing a construct.
A. True
B. False
63: The ability to generalize across different but related dependent variables is called
A. Causation validity
B. Descriptive validity
C. Construct validity
D. Outcome validity
64: The degree to which the mixed researcher clearly explains his or her philosophical beliefs about research is called
A. Inside outside legitimation
B. Integrative legitimation
C. Emic etic legitimation
D. Paradigmatic/philosophical legitimation
65: A synonym for member checking is _____ feedback
A. Positive
B. Negative
C. Participant
D. All of these
66: Predicting a pattern of results and determining whether the actual results fit the predicted pattern is _____ matching
A. Pattern
B. Positive
C. Negative
D. All of these
67: Discussing one’s interpretations and conclusions with one’s peers or colleagues is called
A. Feedback review
B. Peer review
C. Positive review
D. Negative review
68: The ability to generalize the study results to individuals who were not included in the study is called
A. Descriptive validity
B. Construct validity
C. Outcome validity
D. Population validity
69: The extent to which the research purpose was met, research problem “solved,” research questions sufficiently answered, and actionable results provided is called
A. Inside outside legitimation
B. Integrative legitimation
C. Emic etic legitimation
D. Pragmatic legitimation
70: Changes that occur in people because they know they are being observed; an alteration in performance that occurs as a result of being aware of participating in a study is called _____
A. Reactivity
B. Activity
C. Validity
D. All of these
71: Self-reflection by the researcher on his or her assumptions, biases, predispositions, and actions, and their impact on the research situation and evolving interpretations is called _____
A. Reactivity
B. Reflexivity
C. Reliability
D. All of these
72: The tendency of very high pretest scores to become lower and very low pretest scores to become higher on posttesting is called regression artifact
A. True
B. False
73: The idea that the more times a research finding is shown to be true with different sets of people, the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generalizing beyond the original participants is called replication logic
A. True
B. False
74: In which research consistency, stability, or repeatability of the results of a study?
A. Researcher bias
B. Researcher validity
C. Researcher reliability
D. Research logic
75: The correctness or truthfulness of an inference that is made from the results of a study is called
A. Researcher bias
B. Researcher validity
C. Researcher reliability
D. Research logic
76: A metaphor applied to the researcher who is searching for cause and effect is researcher as detective
A. True
B. False
77: Selecting and interpreting results consistent with what the researcher wants to find is called
A. Researcher bias
B. Researcher validity
C. Researcher reliability
D. Research logic
78: Making sure that other explanations of your conclusion are not better than the explanation you are using ruling out alternative explanations
A. True
B. False
79: The degree to which a mixed researcher makes appropriate conclusions, generalizations, and meta-inferences from mixed samples is sample integration legitimation
A. True
B. False
80: Occurs when an event taking place between the pretest and posttest differentially affects the comparison groups is called
A. Selection history effect
B. Selection instrumentation effect
C. Selection maturation effect
D. Selection regression effect
81: Occurs when groups react differently to changes in instrumentation, obscuring the treatment effect is called
A. Selection history effect
B. Selection instrumentation effect
C. Selection maturation effect
D. Selection regression effect
82: Occurs when comparison groups mature at different rates, obscuring the treatment effect is known as
A. Selection history effect
B. Selection instrumentation effect
C. Selection maturation effect
D. Selection regression effect
83: Occurs when groups regress to the mean in a different way, obscuring the treatment effect
A. Selection history effect
B. Selection instrumentation effect
C. Selection maturation effect
D. Selection regression effect
84: Occurs when groups react to the pretest differently, obscuring the treatment effect is called
A. Selection testing effect
B. Selection instrumentation effect
C. Selection maturation effect
D. Selection regression effect
85: The degree to which a mixed researcher appropriately addresses and/or builds on effects or findings from earlier qualitative and quantitative phases is _____ legitimation
A. Inside outside
B. Integrative
C. Emic etic
D. Sequential
86: A synonym for multiple stakeholder legitimation is _____ legitimation
A. Inside outside legitimation
B. Integrative legitimation
C. Emic etic legitimation
D. Socio political
87: The ability to infer that the independent and dependent variables are related in the larger population of interest and the strength of that relationship is _____ conclusion validity
A. Temporal
B. Theoretical
C. Statistical
D. Research
88: The larger population to whom the study results are to be generalized is target population
A. True
B. False
89: The extent to which the study results can be generalized across time is called
A. Temporal
B. Theoretical
C. Statistical
D. Research
90: Which refers to the measurement of variables?
A. Testing
B. Validity
C. Legitimation
D. All of these
91: Generalizing a theory or explanation or process beyond the people and situation in which it was originally developed is theoretical generalization
A. True
B. False
92: The degree to which a theoretical explanation fits the data is called
A. Temporal
B. Theoretical
C. Statistical
D. Research
93: A validation approach using multiple investigators, methods, data sources, and/or theoretical perspectives in the search for convergence of results is called triangulation
A. True
B. False
94: A confounding extraneous variable is called
A. Third variable
B. Constant variable
C. Non constant variable
D. None of above
95: The participants in one treatment condition are exposed to all or some of the other treatment condition is called _____
A. Treatment diffusion
B. Treatment effusion
C. Non treatment effusion
D. All of above
96: The ability to generalize across variations of the treatment is called _____
A. Treatment variation validity
B. Treatment non variation validity
C. Treatment validity
D. None of above
97: The degree to which a mixed researcher combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to have non overlapping weaknesses is called weakness minimization legitimation
A. True
B. False
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Validity of Research MCQs
