Examining Causality of Research MCQs
Examining Causality of Research MCQs
Answer these 40 Examining Causality of Research MCQs and see how sharp is your knowledge of Examining Causality of Research.
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1: An experiment in which the partici-pants know they have been assigned to one particular IV condition but they do not know which one is called blind experiment
A. True
B. False
2: Relationship between cause and effect, in that one variable is shown to have caused the observed change in another variable is called causation
A. True
B. False
3: Cluster random assignment is procedure in which clus-ters of individuals are assigned to one level of the IV so that each cluster has an ______ chance of experiencing any of the IV levels.
A. Equal
B. Greater
C. Less
D. None of above
4: The values of the _____ is called conditions
A. IV
B. V
C. VII
D. IX
5: _______ is someone who is working with the researcher but pretends to be a participant or bystander.
A. Confederate
B. Confound
C. Control group
D. None of above
6: A variable that varies systematically with the variables of interest in a study and is a potential alternative explanation for causality is called
A. Confederate
B. Confound
C. Control group
D. None of above
7: The group that receives the ____ level of the IV is called control group
A. Zero
B. One
C. Two
D. Three
8: Characteristics of the study that lead a participant to guess at the study’s hypothesis and change their behavior accordingly is called demand characteristics
A. True
B. False
9: The variable that is mea-sured in an experiment and is expected to vary or change based on the IV manipulation is called
A. Dependent variable
B. Independent variable
C. Constant variable
D. All of these
10: Experiment in which the groups are related, in that participants were matched prior to exposure to the IV or in that the participants expe-rience all levels of the IV is called
A. Dependent groups experiment
B. Independent group experiment
C. Independent group hypotheses
D. None of above
11: The treatment administered to one group is shared with another group through cross-group interactions is called diffusion of treatment
A. True
B. False
12: Double blind experiment is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the researcher interacting with the participants know which participants have been assigned to each condition
A. True
B. False
13: A type of external validity that assesses the degree to which a study’s findings generalize to real-world settings is called
A. Ecological validity
B. Non ecological validity
C. Internal validity
D. All of above
14: Systematic changes to the ______ environment is known as environmental manipulations.
A. Physical
B. Chemical
C. Natural
D. None of abovs
15: See Experimental research is called
A. Experiment
B. Hypotheses
C. Deduction
D. Result
16: The group that receives a certain amount or level of the IV is called experimental group
A. True
B. False
17: Phenomenon in which a researcher unintention-ally treats the groups differently so that results support the _______ is called rosenthal effecf
A. Experiment
B. Hypotheses
C. Deduction
D. Result
18: Design in which a researcher compares two or more groups of participants who are exposed to different levels of a variable of interest is called group design
A. True
B. False
19: Phenomenon in which participants change their behavior simply because they are in a study and have the attention of researchers is called hawthorne effect
A. True
B. False
20: The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is known as
A. Independent variable
B. Dependent variable
C. Constant variable
D. None of above
21: Independent group experiment in which each participant experiences only one level of the IV.
A. True
B. False
22: Systematic changes to instructions, educational information, or feedback is ___Manipulations
A. Functional
B. Instructional
C. National
D. None of these
23: The degree to which we can say that we found an accurate relationship among variables, in that changes in one variable (the DV) are caused by changes in another variable (the IV). Relevant only to studies exam-ining causation is ____ validity
A. External
B. Internal
C. Constant
D. All of these
24: The way the researcher creates the con-ditions of the ___ manipulation
A. II
B. III
C. IV
D. I
25: The process of verifying that the participants attended to the manipulation is manipulation check
A. True
B. False
26: ____ random assignment is process in which participants are put into matched sets and then each member of the set is assigned to one IV level so that all in the set have an equal chance of experiencing any of the levels.
A. Single
B. Match
C. Simple
D. None of these
27: One group pretest posttest design is nonexperimental design in which all participants are tested prior to exposure to a variable of interest and again after exposure.
A. True
B. False
28: Systematic changes to participants’ or subjects’ physical functioning is physiological manipulations
A. True
B. False
29: A treatment or substance that in and of itself has no therapeutic effect, such as a sugar pill is called placebo
A. True
B. False
30: Process of identifying those who have characteristics that the researcher wants to include or exclude in the study is called
A. Screening
B. Pre Screening
C. Proscreening
D. All of these
31: ____ experiment is research design that includes a key characteristic of an experiment, namely, manipulation of a variable.
A. Random
B. Quasi
C. Simple
D. Multiple
32: Process of assigning participants to IV conditions (or order of conditions) that is based on chance is called ___ assigmnt
A. Simple
B. Random
C. Multiple
D. None of these
33: In experiments where the participants experience all levels of the IV, the participants all have an equal chance of experi-encing the IV levels in a certain order is random assignment to order of conditions
A. True
B. False
34: Systematic changes to a scenario is scenario ___
A. Conditions
B. Manipulations
C. Values
D. Positions
35: Simple random assignment is a procedure in which each participant is assigned to one level of the IV so that every participant has an equal chance of experiencing any of the IV levels.
A. True
B. False
36: Stratified random assignment is a procedure in which the researcher identifies strata of participants based on key characteristics
A. True
B. False
37: Confounds that must be controlled so that a cause−effect relationship can be demon-strated is threat to internal validity
A. True
B. False
38: A control group in an experiment is promised the same treatment as the experimental group after the experimental group has completed treatment and both groups have been assessed.
A. Proper control
B. Waitlist control
C. Treatment control
D. All of these
39: The phenomenon in which a researcher unintentionally treats the groups differently so that results support the hypothesis is called ______.
A. The Hawthorne effect
B. Demand characteristics
C. Experimenter expectancy effects
D. Diffusion of treatment
40: A researcher conducts an experiment to examine the effect of television advertisements on consumer behavior. The advertisement is the ______.
A. Confound
B. Placebo
C. Dependent variable
D. Independent variable
41: Which of the following is not one of the criteria of causality?
A. Ruling out alternative explanations
B. Sequencing
C. Independence
D. Correlation
42: Researcher wants to use simple random assignment in an experiment with two groups. Which of the following procedures might he use?
A. Assigning every other participant to Group 1
B. Rolling dice and assigning those with even numbers to Group 1 and those with odd numbers to Group 2
C. Having all the participants with blonde hair in Group 1 and those with other hair colors in Group 2
D. Match participants on a key variable, then flip a coin to determine which member of the pair is assigned to Group 1, and which is assigned to Group 2
43: The threat to internal validity due to participants developing at different rates is called ______.
A. Statistical regression
B. Selection
C. History
D. Maturation
44: The threat to internal validity in which an event is the confounding variable is called ______.
A. History
B. Maturation
C. Attrition
D. Selection
45: Threats to internal validity are ______ in order to demonstrate a cause–effect relationship.
A. Confounds that must be controlled
B. Independent variables that must be manipulated
C. Dependent variables that must be measured
D. All of these
46: Which of the following is not a requirement for an experiment?
A. Random selection to the sample
B. Random assignment to group
C. Manipulation of an independent variable
D. Measurement of a dependent variable
47: A researcher conducts an experiment to examine the effect of television advertisements on consumer behavior. Consumer behavior is the ______.
A. Confound
B. Placebo
C. Dependent variable
D. Independent variable
48: Experiments focus primarily on maximizing ______.
A. External validity
B. Internal validity
C. Ecological validity
D. Confound validity
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